Democracia Eficaz
Luis Carlos Ugalde
El PRI definirá este sábado si abre sus ‘candados’ para que simpatizantes sin militancia de al menos 10 años puedan ser candidatos a la presidencia de la República; en otras palabras, si el secretario de Hacienda, José Antonio Meade, puede ser una opción para 2018.
Que se quiten esos candados no significa que Meade obtenga la candidatura, sólo que sea una alternativa viable cuando el PRI designe a su contendiente, quizás en diciembre o enero del siguiente año.
El actual artículo 166 de los estatutos del PRI dice que “para los casos de presidente de la República, gobernador y jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal se requerirá acreditar la calidad de cuadro, con diez años de militancia partidaria”.
Este candado no aplica cuando hay coalición: los estatutos únicamente mencionan que las coaliciones son aprobadas por el Consejo Político Nacional y no hacen mención de los requisitos para el candidato común.
El PRI ha tenido reglas más estrictas en el pasado.
En la XVII Asamblea Nacional, celebrada en 1996, se estableció que para ser candidato a la presidencia se debía contar con un cargo de elección popular.
Los llamados ‘candados antitecnocracia’ fueron una medida para estimular la carrera de partido y también una revancha que expresaba enojo e irritación de cuadros priistas que competían en desventaja frente a los cuadros de la burocracia, quienes por su cercanía con el presidente podían aspirar a cargos políticos, incluida la presidencia, sin haber recorrido los escalafones partidistas.
Entre 1970 y 2000, por ejemplo, ningún presidente de la República tuvo algún cargo de elección popular antes de su elección. Durante esa época, más políticos transitaban de la burocracia hacia cargos de elección popular y de dirigencia partidista, que en sentido inverso.
Era más común alcanzar espacios en el Poder Legislativo, en las gubernaturas y en las presidencias municipales a partir de un puesto en la burocracia federal, que iniciar una carrera electoral y partidista, y de ahí obtener una posición burocrática de alto nivel.
Los candados antitecnocracia impuestos en 1996 eliminaron la posibilidad de que José Ángel Gurría, entonces secretario de Relaciones Exteriores, o Guillermo Ortiz, secretario de Hacienda, fueran candidatos en 2000 (presumiblemente los favoritos del presidente Ernesto Zedillo).
Los candados hicieron candidatos presidenciales a Francisco Labastida en 2000 (un tecnócrata con experiencia electoral como gobernador de Sinaloa, 1987-1992) y luego a Roberto Madrazo en 2006 (un político que había sido gobernador de Tabasco en los años noventa y luego presidente del PRI). Ambos candidatos fueron derrotados por el PAN en las urnas.
En 2012, como resultado de una impugnación de un militante que objetó los candados para ser candidato a jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal, el Tribunal Electoral concluyó que los estatutos del PRI eran inconstitucionales porque los llamados candados limitaban el derecho constitucional a ser votado.
Argumentó que el “principio de autoorganización que rige a los partidos políticos debe armonizarse con los derechos políticos fundamentales de los militantes” y ordenó al partido “expulsar” de sus estatutos el requisito de haber tenido un cargo de elección popular “para contender al cargo de jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal”.
Con base en esa sentencia, durante la XXI Asamblea Nacional del partido en 2013 se eliminaron estos candados para ser candidato a presidente. Sin embargo, prevalece el requisito de 10 años de militancia.
El PRI enfrenta un dilema. Si abre los candados expande sus opciones para el momento en que deba escoger candidato presidencial, pero genera daño moral entre liderazgos internos y militantes que obviamente valoran la carrera de partido y ven con desdén a quien llega en taxi, como ha dicho Manlio Fabio Beltrones.
Por otra parte, si el PRI mantiene el requisito de 10 años de militancia manda una señal de respeto a la vida interna pero a costa de atarse las manos y, eventualmente, perder competitividad en la elección de 2018.
Quizá la solución la ha dado Ivonne Ortega: que se abran los candados pero que haya un proceso abierto para definir al candidato presidencial.
No sólo sería un mecanismo más legítimo, sino que daría al futuro candidato un proceso de exposición pública que podría propulsar la intención de voto a favor del PRI en un momento en que lo necesita con urgencia. (Algunas ideas aparecieron en texto publicado en 2012 en la revista Examen del PRI).
Twitter: @LCUgalde
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