Una visita del presidente chino, Xi Jinping, a una planta de procesamiento de tierras raras compartió un mensaje claro para muchos observadores: EU también tiene vulnerabilidades tecnológicas.
La amenaza del presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, de cortar el suministro de chips y procesadores a Huawei, está afectando a la compañía de tecnología más grande de China donde le duele: su dependencia de otros países para los semiconductores y el software en teléfonos inteligentes y equipos de red.
Entonces, cuando el presidente chino, Xi Jinping, hizo una aparición días después en una planta de procesamiento de tierras raras, muchos observadores vieron un mensaje en la visita: EU también tiene vulnerabilidades tecnológicas.
1. ¿Qué son las tierras raras?
Se trata de un grupo de 17 elementos químicamente relacionados encontrados en forma mineral, los cuales tienen propiedades magnéticas y ópticas útiles para crear dispositivos electrónicos más eficientes.
Los fabricantes de vehículos eléctricos confían en ellos para componentes de baterías y motores más livianos, mientras que los aerogeneradores grandes tienden a usar imanes de tierras raras.
También son componentes frecuentes de objetos cotidianos, como diodos emisores de luz (LED), que se utilizan para iluminar los teléfonos inteligentes y los tableros de puntuación en los estadios.
2. ¿Qué tan raras son?
No son tan raros como otros metales preciosos como el oro o la plata. Sin embargo, generalmente están tan entremezclados con otros minerales que su extracción y refinamiento son costosos, particularmente cuando la minería cumple con los estándares ambientales de los países desarrollados.
3. ¿Quién las controla?
China y otras partes del sudeste asiático dominan tanto la extracción como el procesamiento de tierras raras.
El país representó 71 por ciento de la producción minera de tierras raras del mundo el año pasado, según la Encuesta geológica de Estados Unidos. Australia y EU fueron subcampeones distantes, que en conjunto produjeron menos de un tercio de las 120 mil toneladas métricas de China.
Estados Unidos dependió de China para aproximadamente cuatro de cada cinco toneladas de importaciones de tierras raras entre 2014 y 2017, y el año pasado compró un total de 160 millones de dólares, 17 por ciento más que el año anterior.
Fuera de China, las mayores reservas de tierras raras del mundo también se encuentran en Brasil, Vietnam y Rusia. Una caída en los precios en los últimos años ha hecho que la apertura de nuevas fuentes sea poco atractiva.
4. ¿Qué papel han desempeñado en la guerra comercial?
No mucho hasta ahora. El presidente Trump eximió las importaciones de tierras raras de EE.UU. de las últimas rondas de aranceles impuestos a los productos chinos, después de incluirlos en la ronda previa. China recientemente incluyó tierras raras en un lote de aranceles que elevó de 10% a 25% sobre las importaciones estadounidenses, en represalia a una expansión de los aranceles de EE.UU. por parte de Trump. Una compañía de Mountain Pass, California, llamada MP Materials –el único productor estadounidense de tierras raras– vende gran parte de su mineral a China. El director ejecutivo de su dueño mayoritario dijo la semana pasada que «es preciso llamar a esto un arancel unilateral y específico».
5. ¿Por qué fue importante la visita de Xi?
Después de que Xi y su principal negociador comercial, el viceprimer ministro Liu He, visitaran una instalación de tierras raras en China, los analistas especulan que los materiales estratégicos podrían utilizarse como arma a medida que aumentan las tensiones comerciales. En medio de la retórica cada vez más dura de China a medida que continúan las negociaciones comerciales, la visita plantea una pregunta sobre si los aranceles a las importaciones de EE.UU. podrían ser solo el comienzo y conducir a una prohibición u otra restricción a las exportaciones de tierras raras al país. Y no sería la primera vez que China perjudica la competencia al restringir el comercio de los minerales. Durante 15 años, el país impuso límites comerciales, incluidos cuotas y aranceles, a las exportaciones de tierras raras. Las restricciones fueron desechadas en 2015, después de que la Organización Mundial de Comercio determinara que violaban las normas comerciales.
BLOOMBERG / JUSTINA VASQUEZ
Muchas gracias. ?Como puedo iniciar sesion?
I am so grateful for the community that this blog has created It’s a place where I feel encouraged and supported
I have recommended your blog to all of my friends and family Your words have the power to change lives and I want others to experience that as well
I just wanted to take a moment to say how much I appreciate your blog posts. They’re always well-written, informative, and keep me coming back for more. Keep up the great work!
As a new reader, I am blown away by the quality and depth of your content I am excited to explore your past posts and see what else you have to offer
This is exactly what I needed to read today Your words have provided me with much-needed reassurance and comfort
This is exactly what I needed to read today Your words have given me a new perspective and renewed hope Thank you
Looking forward to your next post. Keep up the good work!
Your posts always provide me with a new perspective and encourage me to look at things differently Thank you for broadening my horizons
Share with us in the comments your favorite blog posts of all time!
Your posts are so thought-provoking and often leave me pondering long after I have finished reading Keep challenging your readers to think outside the box
Let me know what type of content you’d like to see more of in the future!
Your writing style is so relatable and authentic It’s a breath of fresh air in a world filled with superficiality and pretense
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
Wow, this blogger is seriously impressive!
From start to finish, this blog post had us hooked. The content was insightful, entertaining, and had us feeling grateful for all the amazing resources out there. Keep up the great work!
This post was exactly what I needed to read today Your words have provided me with much-needed clarity and reassurance
Your posts always provide me with a new perspective and encourage me to look at things differently Thank you for broadening my horizons
This blog is a great mix of informative and entertaining content It keeps me engaged and interested from start to finish
It’s always a joy to stumble upon content that genuinely makes an impact and leaves you feeling inspired. Keep up the great work!
I’ve come across many blogs, but this one truly stands out in terms of quality and authenticity Keep up the amazing work!
Your blog post had me hooked from the first sentence.
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
Your writing is a breath of fresh air It’s clear that you put a lot of thought and effort into each and every post
I’ve been following this blog for years and it’s amazing to see how much it has grown and evolved Congratulations on all your success!
It means so much to receive positive feedback and know that my content is appreciated. I strive to bring new ideas and insights to my readers.
From start to finish, this blog post had us hooked. The content was insightful, entertaining, and had us feeling grateful for all the amazing resources out there. Keep up the great work!
I love how this blog promotes a healthy and balanced lifestyle It’s a great reminder to take care of our bodies and minds
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
It’s clear that you have a deep understanding of this topic and your insights and perspective are invaluable Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us
Your honesty and vulnerability in sharing your personal experiences is truly admirable It takes courage to open up and I applaud you for it
Your photography and visuals are always so stunning They really add to the overall quality of the content
Wow, this blogger is seriously impressive!
Your ideas and insights are unique and thought-provoking I appreciate how you challenge your readers to see things from a different perspective
This blog is like a virtual mentor, guiding me towards personal and professional growth Thank you for being a source of inspiration
Your posts are always so well-written and thought out It’s evident that you put a lot of effort into each and every one
I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude for the great content you consistently produce. It’s informative, interesting, and always keeps me coming back for more!
Your blog has quickly become one of my favorites I am constantly impressed by the quality and depth of your content
Keep up the fantastic work and continue to inspire us all!
Your honesty and vulnerability in sharing your personal experiences is truly admirable It takes courage to open up and I applaud you for it
Thank you for the awesome content, it’s always appreciated
This blog is not just about the content, but also the community it fosters I’ve connected with so many like-minded individuals here
Your blog has quickly become one of my favorites I am constantly impressed by the quality and depth of your content
It’s clear that you have a deep understanding of this topic and your insights and perspective are invaluable Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us
Your blog is a constant source of wisdom and positivity Thank you for being a ray of light in a sometimes dark world
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
As a fellow blogger, I can appreciate the time and effort that goes into creating well-crafted posts You are doing an amazing job
From the insightful commentary to the captivating writing, every word of this post is top-notch. Kudos to the author for producing such fantastic content.
What other topics would you like to see covered on the blog? Let us know in the comments!
Your blog has helped me through some tough times and I am so grateful for your wise words and positive outlook
The photographs and visuals used in this blog are always stunning They really add a beautiful touch to the posts
Your writing style is so engaging and easy to follow I find myself reading through each post without even realizing I’ve reached the end
I have been struggling with this issue for a while and your post has provided me with much-needed guidance and clarity Thank you so much
Looking forward to your next post. Keep up the good work!
Your posts are so thought-provoking and often leave me pondering long after I have finished reading Keep challenging your readers to think outside the box
Drop a link to your favorite blog post of yours in the comments below, I’d love to read more.
Your posts are like a breath of fresh air I appreciate how you tackle difficult topics with grace and empathy
As a new reader, I am blown away by the quality and depth of your content I am excited to explore your past posts and see what else you have to offer
Keep up the amazing work!
Your passion for what you do is evident in every post It’s inspiring to see someone truly fulfilling their purpose and making a positive impact
Leave a comment and let us know what your favorite blog post has been so far!
Give a round of applause in the comments to show your appreciation!
This blog post is worth the read – trust us!
This blog serves as a reminder to take care of our mental health and well-being Thank you for promoting a healthier and happier mindset
Your blog post had me hooked from the first sentence.
This is such an important and often overlooked topic Thank you for bringing attention to it and offering valuable advice
Your blog has become a source of guidance and support for me Your words have helped me through some of my toughest moments
Your writing style is so engaging and easy to read It makes it a pleasure to read your blog and I always look forward to your new posts
Your blog post had me hooked from the very beginning!
Your blog has helped me through some tough times and I am so grateful for your wise words and positive outlook
Love this appreciation for great content
I love how this blog gives a voice to important social and political issues It’s important to use your platform for good, and you do that flawlessly
Your positive and uplifting words are like a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day Thank you for spreading light and positivity in the world
This post came at just the right time for me Your words have provided me with much-needed motivation and inspiration Thank you
Your blog has become my go-to source for positive and uplifting content Thank you for consistently delivering high-quality posts
Your words are powerful and have the ability to make a real difference in people’s lives Keep using your voice to spread positivity and knowledge
This is exactly what I needed to read today Your words have provided me with much-needed reassurance and comfort
I appreciate how well-researched and informative each post is It’s obvious how much effort you put into your work
I love how this blog promotes a healthy and balanced lifestyle It’s a great reminder to take care of our bodies and minds
Your words have resonated with us and we can’t wait to read more of your amazing content. Thank you for sharing your expertise and passion with the world.
Your positivity and optimism are contagious It’s impossible to read your blog without feeling uplifted and inspired Keep up the amazing work
Your posts are so thought-provoking and often leave me pondering long after I have finished reading Keep challenging your readers to think outside the box
Your writing is so eloquent and persuasive You have a talent for getting your message across and inspiring meaningful change
This blog is like a virtual mentor, guiding me towards personal and professional growth Thank you for being a source of inspiration
As someone who struggles with mental health, I appreciate the support and empathy displayed in your blog It means a lot to know I’m not alone
Keep up the incredible work! I can’t wait to see what you write next.
Share your favorite blog post in the comments below!
Your blog posts never fail to entertain and educate me. I especially enjoyed the recent one about [insert topic]. Keep up the great work!
Your vulnerability and honesty in your posts is truly admirable Thank you for being so open and authentic with your readers
Thank you for creating such valuable content. Your hard work and dedication are appreciated by so many.
I appreciate the effort that goes into creating high-quality content, and this post was no exception. The insights and information were top-notch and made for a really engaging read. Keep up the great work!
The photographs and visuals used in this blog are always stunning They really add a beautiful touch to the posts
Your blog stands out in a sea of generic and formulaic content Your unique voice and perspective are what keep me coming back for more
Your writing is so refreshing and authentic It’s like having a conversation with a good friend Thank you for opening up and sharing your heart with us
I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude for the great content you consistently produce. It’s informative, interesting, and always keeps me coming back for more!
This is one of my go-to blogs for inspiration Whether it’s fashion, travel, or self-improvement, you cover it all flawlessly
Your blog has quickly become one of my favorites I am constantly impressed by the quality and depth of your content
From start to finish, this blog post had us hooked. The content was insightful, entertaining, and had us feeling grateful for all the amazing resources out there. Keep up the great work!
It’s clear that you are passionate about making a positive impact and your blog is a testament to that Thank you for all that you do
This blog post is worth the read – trust us!
Your positivity and enthusiasm are contagious Reading your blog has become a part of my daily routine and I always leave feeling better than when I arrived
Let’s spread the love! Tag a friend who would appreciate this post as much as you did.
Your blog posts never fail to entertain and educate me. I especially enjoyed the recent one about [insert topic]. Keep up the great work!
Your blog has quickly become one of my favorites I always look forward to your new posts and the insights they offer
This is one of my go-to blogs for inspiration Whether it’s fashion, travel, or self-improvement, you cover it all flawlessly
From the bottom of my heart, thank you for being a source of positivity and light in this sometimes dark and overwhelming world
Your passion for what you do is evident in every post It’s inspiring to see someone truly fulfilling their purpose and making a positive impact
Love this appreciation for great content
I always find myself nodding along and agreeing with your wise words Your insights and advice are truly valuable
Your blog posts never fail to entertain and educate me. I especially enjoyed the recent one about [insert topic]. Keep up the great work!
Wow, this blogger is seriously impressive!
This blog is a great mix of informative and entertaining content It keeps me engaged and interested from start to finish
I am constantly impressed by the depth and detail in your posts You have a gift for making complex topics easily understandable
This blog has opened my eyes to new ideas and perspectives that I may not have considered before Thank you for broadening my horizons
Your blog post was fantastic, thanks for the great content!
Their posts always leave us feeling informed and entertained. We’re big fans of their style and creativity.
Your words have the power to change lives and I am grateful for the positive impact you have had on mine Thank you
Your blog is a ray of sunshine in a sometimes dark and dreary world Thank you for spreading positivity and light
Your blog always leaves me feeling uplifted and inspired Thank you for consistently delivering high-quality content
Your content always manages to captivate and educate me. Keep up the fantastic work!
Your blog has become my go-to source for inspiration and motivation Thank you for consistently delivering high-quality content
I can’t get enough of your insightful articles and engaging stories. Thank you for sharing your passion with the world!
Your blog has been a constant source of support and encouragement for me I am grateful for your words of wisdom and positivity
Your posts are always so well-written and thought out It’s evident that you put a lot of effort into each and every one
Your blog post had me hooked from the first sentence.
Wow, this blogger is seriously impressive!
Your blog post had me hooked from the very beginning!
Your writing style is so relatable and authentic It’s a breath of fresh air in a world filled with superficiality and pretense
Thank you for the awesome content, it’s always appreciated
Thank you for addressing such an important topic in this post Your words are powerful and have the potential to make a real difference in the world
Your blog has helped me through some tough times and I am so grateful for your wise words and positive outlook
It’s clear that you are passionate about making a positive impact and your blog is a testament to that Thank you for all that you do
Have any favorite blog posts or writers? Share them with us in the comments!
Your latest blog post was truly inspiring and had some great insights. I can’t wait to see what else you have in store.
This is exactly what I needed to read today Your words have provided me with much-needed reassurance and comfort
Your words have a way of resonating deeply with your readers Thank you for always being encouraging and uplifting
This blog post is packed with great content!
Share with us in the comments your favorite blog posts of all time!
Thank you for always being open and honest with your readers It’s refreshing to see a blogger who is unafraid to be vulnerable and real
Your positivity and optimism are contagious It’s impossible to read your blog without feeling uplifted and inspired Keep up the amazing work
We just wanted to take a moment to acknowledge all the hard work and effort you’ve been putting in lately. Keep up the amazing job, you’re doing great!
Drop a link to your favorite blog post of yours in the comments below, I’d love to read more.
Your content always keeps me coming back for more!
Your blog has become a source of guidance and support for me Your words have helped me through some of my toughest moments
I want to express my appreciation for the writer of this blog post. It’s clear they put a lot of effort and thought into their work, and it shows. From the informative content to the engaging writing style, I thoroughly enjoyed reading it.
Their posts always leave us feeling informed and entertained. We’re big fans of their style and creativity.
Your knowledge and expertise on various topics never ceases to amaze me I always learn something new with each post
This blog is like a virtual mentor, guiding me towards personal and professional growth Thank you for being a source of inspiration
Your writing is so eloquent and persuasive You have a talent for getting your message across and inspiring meaningful change
This is such an important and often overlooked topic Thank you for bringing attention to it and offering valuable advice
Your blog has helped me become a more positive and mindful person I am grateful for the transformative effect your words have had on me
This blog is like a breath of fresh air in the midst of all the negativity on the internet I’m grateful to have stumbled upon it
This blog is a great resource for anyone looking to live a more mindful and intentional life Thank you for providing valuable advice and tips
From the bottom of my heart, thank you for being a source of positivity and light in this sometimes dark and overwhelming world
Your positivity and enthusiasm are infectious I can’t help but feel uplifted and motivated after reading your posts
I love how you incorporate personal stories and experiences into your posts It makes your content relatable and authentic
Thank you for sharing your personal experiences and stories It takes courage to open up and you do it with such grace and authenticity
Your photography and visuals are always so stunning They really add to the overall quality of the content
From the bottom of my heart, thank you for being a source of positivity and light in this sometimes dark and overwhelming world
Your passion for this topic shines through in your writing It’s clear that you put a lot of effort and thought into your posts Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us
Thank you for the awesome content, it’s always appreciated
As a fellow blogger, I can appreciate the time and effort that goes into creating well-crafted posts You are doing an amazing job
Your passion for this topic shines through in your writing It’s clear that you put a lot of effort and thought into your posts Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us
Your writing is so eloquent and persuasive You have a talent for getting your message across and inspiring meaningful change
This blog is like a virtual mentor, guiding me towards personal and professional growth Thank you for being a source of inspiration
Your blog post was fantastic, thanks for the great content!
This blog is like a safe haven for me, where I can escape the chaos of the world and indulge in positivity and inspiration
I appreciate how well-researched and informative each post is It’s obvious how much effort you put into your work
The positivity and optimism conveyed in this blog never fails to uplift my spirits Thank you for spreading joy and positivity in the world
Keep up the amazing work! Can’t wait to see what you have in store for us next.
Your blog has become my go-to source for inspiration and motivation I am so grateful for the valuable content you provide
Your blog has helped me become a more positive and mindful person I am grateful for the transformative effect your words have had on me
This is such an informative and well-written post! I learned a lot from reading it and will definitely be implementing some of these tips in my own life
Your blog has become a part of my daily routine Your words have a way of brightening up my day and lifting my spirits
This blog has become a part of my daily routine I start my mornings with a cup of coffee and your latest post
Let us know in the comments which of their posts has resonated with you the most.
Your blog has become my go-to source for inspiration and motivation Thank you for consistently delivering high-quality content
This blog is a great resource for anyone looking to live a more mindful and intentional life Thank you for providing valuable advice and tips
As a fellow blogger, I can appreciate the time and effort that goes into creating well-crafted posts You are doing an amazing job
Your positivity and enthusiasm are infectious It’s clear that you are truly passionate about what you do and it’s inspiring to see
Your writing has a way of resonating with me and making me feel understood Thank you for being a relatable and authentic voice
This blog has become a part of my daily routine I start my mornings with a cup of coffee and your latest post
Leave a comment and let us know what your favorite blog post has been so far!
Thank you for addressing such an important topic in this post Your words are powerful and have the potential to make a real difference in the world
I always look forward to reading your posts, they never fail to brighten my day and educate me in some way Thank you!
Your posts are always so relevant and well-timed It’s like you have a sixth sense for what your readers need to hear
This blog has become a part of my daily routine I start my mornings with a cup of coffee and your latest post
Your blog post was really enjoyable to read, and I appreciate the effort you put into creating such great content. Keep up the great work!
I appreciate how well-researched and informative each post is It’s obvious how much effort you put into your work
Your blog has become my go-to source for inspiration and motivation Thank you for consistently delivering high-quality content
I appreciate how this blog promotes self-love and self-care It’s important to prioritize our well-being and your blog reminds me of that
Your positivity and optimism are contagious It’s evident that you genuinely care about your readers and their well-being
Your blog is a place I come to when I need a boost of positivity It’s like a warm hug from a friend Thank you for being that friend
Keep up the fantastic work!
Your blog stands out in a sea of generic and formulaic content Your unique voice and perspective are what keep me coming back for more
Wow, I had never thought about it in that way before You have really opened my eyes to a new perspective Keep up the great work!
This is such an important and often overlooked topic Thank you for bringing attention to it and offering valuable advice
What other topics would you like to see covered on the blog? Let us know in the comments!
Your writing is so refreshing and authentic It’s like having a conversation with a good friend Thank you for opening up and sharing your heart with us
Your blog has helped me through some tough times and I am forever grateful for your positive and uplifting content
Your photography and visuals are always so stunning They really add to the overall quality of the content
I have recommended this blog to all of my friends and family It’s rare to find such quality content these days!
Your writing style is so engaging and makes even the most mundane topics interesting to read Keep up the fantastic work
Let me know what type of content you’d like to see more of in the future!
I am so grateful for the community that this blog has created It’s a place where I feel encouraged and supported
Your blog has helped me become a better version of myself Your words have inspired me to make positive changes in my life
You have a way of explaining complex topics in a straightforward and easy to understand manner Your posts are always a pleasure to read
I appreciate how this blog promotes self-growth and personal development It’s important to continuously strive to become the best version of ourselves
Your writing is a breath of fresh air It’s clear that you put a lot of thought and effort into each and every post
Your writing is so refreshing and authentic It’s like having a conversation with a good friend Thank you for opening up and sharing your heart with us
I always find myself nodding along and agreeing with your wise words Your insights and advice are truly valuable
Love this appreciation for great content
This post is jam-packed with valuable information and I appreciate how well-organized and easy to follow it is Great job!
You have a way of explaining complex topics in a straightforward and easy to understand manner Your posts are always a pleasure to read
I have recommended your blog to all of my friends and family Your words have the power to change lives and I want others to experience that as well
This blog covers important and relevant topics that many are afraid to address Thank you for being a voice for the voiceless
Your ideas and insights are unique and thought-provoking I appreciate how you challenge your readers to see things from a different perspective
I love how this blog covers a variety of topics, making it appeal to a diverse audience There is something for everyone here!
I just wanted to take a moment to say how much I appreciate your blog posts. They’re always well-written, informative, and keep me coming back for more. Keep up the great work!
Your writing is so relatable and down-to-earth It’s like having a conversation with a good friend Thank you for always being real with your readers
I have been struggling with this issue for a while and your post has provided me with much-needed guidance and clarity Thank you so much
Your writing is so engaging and easy to read It makes it a pleasure to visit your blog and learn from your insights and experiences
Let me know what type of content you’d like to see more of in the future!
Your posts are so beautifully written and always leave me feeling inspired and empowered Thank you for using your talents to make a positive impact
This blog is not just about the content, but also the community it fosters I’ve connected with so many like-minded individuals here
Your blog stands out in a sea of generic and formulaic content Your unique voice and perspective are what keep me coming back for more
Your posts always leave me feeling motivated and empowered You have a gift for inspiring others and it’s evident in your writing
What topics would you like to see covered in future posts? Let us know in the comments.
This post was exactly what I needed to read today Your words have provided me with much-needed clarity and reassurance